adipocyte digital twin

Lipid storage twin

Inputs

Cell diameter 85 um

50 to 150 um · human, subcutaneous adipose tissue · Coulter Multisizer on osmium-fixed collagenase-isolated adipocytes from 28 obese adults · McLaughlin T et al. 2007, Diabetologia · source

bimodal distribution; small-cell peak near 50 um, large-cell peak 100 to 130 um; range 20 to 180 um reported

Lipid droplet diameter 80 um

40 to 145 um · human, subcutaneous adipose tissue · collagenase isolation and size fractionation of adipocytes from 30 human volunteers · Skurk T et al. 2007, J Clin Endocrinol Metab · source

large-fraction adipocytes 100 to 130 um diameter with the single unilocular droplet occupying the dominant fraction of cell volume; small-fraction cells 50 to 70 um with proportionally smaller droplets

Sources

McLaughlin T, Sherman A, Tsao P et al. Enhanced proportion of small adipose cells in insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive obese individuals implicates impaired adipogenesis. Diabetologia 2007;50:1707-1715.

human, subcutaneous adipose tissue, obese adults · Coulter Multisizer particle sizing on osmium-fixed collagenase-isolated adipocytes

Skurk T, Alberti-Huber C, Herder C, Hauner H. Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(3):1023-1033.

human, subcutaneous adipose tissue, 30 volunteers · collagenase isolation, size fractionation, diameter measurement

Zimmermann R et al. Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase. Science 2004;306(5700):1383-1386.

mouse and human · knockout phenotyping; ATGL identified as rate-limiting lipase; confirms lipid droplet as dominant intracellular volume

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One white adipocyte: move cell size or droplet fill to see the stored lipid budget.

Lipid stored (droplet volume)

268,083 um3

Budget 321,555 um3. Budget given with the twin: the bar is the share of it this cell uses.

Triacylglycerol stored in the single unilocular lipid droplet. Capacity is the total cell volume; a cell at 100 percent is all lipid with no cytoplasm, which does not occur in vivo. Overshoot (droplet wider than cell) indicates a geometry error in the declared numbers.

source 1 source 2,

Readouts

Cell volume

321,555 um3

65,450 to 1,767,146 um3 propagated

human · sphere approximation on measured diameter · source 1